Phylogenetic distance controls plant growth during early restoration of a semi‐arid riparian forest

Little attention has been paid to phylogenetic diversity during restoration initiatives. Because plant distance can be a surrogate for functional diversity, its consideration could foster the of degraded areas. This study investigates influence species richness and relatedness early riparian forest located between Atlantic Forest semi-arid ecosystems in NE Brazil. The experiment was established along perennial stream Monte Alegre, RN, investigating significance sapling survival growth restored communities. We used information on 47 tree naturally occurring at site. resulting had basal node with three major clades. To implement experiment, from each clade were randomly selected, nine (from five families). defined levels diversity: (i) no planting, (ii) monoculture, (iii) phylogenetically related (same clade), (iv) distant (different clades) (v) species. consisted 96 (12 m × 10 m) plots two margins stream. Overall, 1656 saplings (20–50 cm) planted September 2015 (184 per species). tested whether are influenced by number among them. assessed mortality consecutive years (2016 2017). Survival lower but relative higher plants near After controlling differences initial size, produced significantly taller plants, only when Diversity treatments did not survival, while size determined growth. Our findings show that greater led increased growth, probably, because presence functionally divergent use resources complementary way. Therefore, should considered design communities improve outcomes future 1. Pouca atenção tem sido dada à diversidade filogenética durante as iniciativas de restauração. Como distância entre espécies plantas pode ser um indicativo da funcional, sua consideração promover restauração áreas degradadas. 2. Este estudo investiga influência riqueza e proximidade inicial uma mata ciliar localizada Mata Atlântica os ecossistemas semiáridos do Brasil. O experimento foi estabelecido ao longo córrego perene em investigando importância para sobrevivência crescimento nas comunidades restauradas. 3. Usamos informações filogenéticas árvores que ocorrem naturalmente local estudo. A árvore resultante tinha nó com três clados principais. Para implementação experimento, cada clado foram aleatoriamente selecionadas, resultando nove (pertencentes cinco famílias). Definimos níveis diversidade: sem plantio, monocultura, filogeneticamente aparentadas (mesmo clado), distantes (diferentes clados) espécies. consistiu parcelas x estabelecidas das duas margens córrego. Ao todo, mudas plantadas Setembro por espécie). Nós testamos se o são influenciados pelo número pela elas. 4. Avaliamos mortalidade dois anos consecutivos menor, mas relativo maior próximas riacho. Depois controlar pelas diferenças tamanho inicial, produziram significativamente mais altas, apenas quando ocorreram perto Os tratamentos não influenciaram plantas, porém afetou plantas. 5. Nossos resultados mostram levou aumento provavelmente, presença funcionalmente divergentes utilizam recursos forma complementar. Portanto, melhorar futuras restauração, relação deve considerada estabelecimento Restoration projects provide opportunity locally assessing how different aspects affect community assembly functioning (Hipp et al., 2015; 2018; Montoya 2012). Such also offer possibility testing manipulation will performance Williams 2021). Among facets species, is estimation amount time which pair diverged most recent common ancestor (Vellend 2010), promising component planning. Phylogenetic ecological differences, thus potentially correlating development dissimilar traits across increasing (Cadotte, 2013; Cadotte 2009; Díaz 2013). implies such would complementarily benefits ecosystem Mazzochini 2019), coexistence due reduced competition shared (HilleRisLambers 2012; Maynard 2017; Tilman, 1999; Verdú Furthermore, positive plant–plant interactions more frequent co-occurring same (Valiente-Banuet & Verdú, 2007; see Mayfield Levine, 2010). increase especially considering harsh environments (Brooker 2008; Carrión Paterno, Siqueira Filho Ganade, 2016). one determining succession areas (Verdú, Gómez-Aparicio Valiente-Banuet, Winter, Devictor Schweiger, However, great disparity studies effects relations (Anacker Strauss, 2016), environmental contingency (Pistón 2021), impedes generalizations about application restoration. Regardless ample evidence demonstrating structuring (Duffy Tilman 2014; Venail 2015), lack other, integrative, (such target species) implementation hinders advancement research, jeopardizes new techniques or delivery better By ignoring beyond richness, miss important evolutionary might have shaped (Staab understand these other performance, designed account numbers relatedness. In this context, incorporation hypotheses importance contribute improved 2015). spite implications initiatives, planning hindered need specific knowledge practitioners Despite progress stimulated UN Decade Ecosystem (Young Schwartz, many still systematic inclusion scientific (Gómez-Aparicio, Hipp 2012), helpful advancing success (Perring upscaling 2018) well promote nature's contributions people (Takahashi 2022). particularly comprise multiple uses, like forests, relatively fertile soils, mild climate high water availability (Araújo, Bernhardt 2005; Foley 2005). Although being protected legislation Law 12.651 (Brasil, (in Brazil parts world) often deforestation, expansion agriculture, urban development, river regulation pollution (Foley climates, forests challenged pulse dynamics drastically affecting soil conditions, extremely dry almost flooded soils (Collins 2006). These reduce establishment compromising outcomes. buffer flooding impacts (Wright 2017), stability Dinnage Reich Knops, aims advance via biodiversity–ecosystem design. As suitable case, we manipulated Brazil, region where seasonally exposed temperatures stress. following hypotheses: Increased reduces availability; Plant diverse (i.e. distance) stages; enhanced composed May 2015, conducted field survey area Alegre (NE Brazil) surroundings identify native applied forest. transition zone tropical (Caatinga), known Agreste Potiguar (5°52′60″ S, 36°18′0″ W; Figures 1 2). Here, woody potential identified Caatinga Rio Grande Norte (Figure 1; Table S1). based an angiosperm supertree (Zanne 2014) generated 1). belonged main clades (the superasterids clade, within superrosids, malvids fabids clades). Nine (three clade) selected experiment. since commercial constraint selection separately repeated depending producers. regional provenance acquired producers kept nursery (under natural light temperature conditions) site 4 weeks acclimatization until start All 20–50 cm tall 20–30 root length transplanted experimental plots. July August 800 both sides (Figures 2 plot, 18 holes (c. 20 diameter 50 depth) prepared receiving saplings. Planting done 3 grid, six lines distances (8, 10, 12, 14, 16 m, respectively). started late transplanting plot) random partition (Bruelheide restricted construction our tree, randomization composing branch included planting (zero i.e. control [C] treatment); monoculture; closely (belonging branch); distantly (one branch) (with branch). Control, replicated four times. Polyculture treatment (all together) times, total (Table S2). total, comprised 22 compositions S3). Besides monocultures polyculture, ‘related a–c’ ‘distant a–i’; S3 details height (cm) monitored first April, June October 2016, 2017. Using measurements, calculated ratio contemporary measurement (t1) measure collected previous monitoring (t0), mean average all individuals November there 157 dead eight 78 Tapirira guianensis, 23 Piptadenia stipulacea, Schinus terebinthifolius, 13 Handroanthus impetiginosus, 11 Tabebuia roseoalba, Cenostigma pyramidale, Myracrodruon urundeuva Ziziphus joazeiro, representing approximately 9.5% month after implemented; nomenclature follows APG IV (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group Those replaced December sources, (instead 2015) plants. Prior analysing data, re-classified into categories personal observations Plants 8, 12 permanently affected dynamics), far having less access water, suffering flooding; Figure Afterward, relationships (‘near’ vs. ‘far’), generalized mixed-effects model (GLMM) binomial error. controlled plot nested margin (E W) composition intercepts. Models structured follows: glmm(plant ∼ + * (1|margin/plot) (1|species), family = binomial). GLMMs Gaussian error structure intercepts test stream, (calculated tn/t0). (log-transformed values) covariate models individual predictors (distance time) interaction treatments, relatedness, (as categorical variable represented year measurements taken). Three-way considered. (1|species)). Additionally, absolute alive (height tn – tn–1); tn–1 represents point immediately before stratified according stream) proxy biomass production. then fitted similar GLMM assess relatedness) types. Mean averaged communities) glmm(community (1|community types)). Values log-transformed (log10), values standardized negative value, adding 22.85, so ≥0, and, then, [log(x+1)] fulfil assumptions analysis (normality residuals homogeneity variances). Species running GLMMs. consequence design, trees: those implemented using R package glmmTMB (Brooks Significance through Wald Test (type 3) function Anova car (version (Fox Weisberg, 2019). Statistical analyses Computing version 3.6.3 (R Core Team, 2020). Overall 86%, 86% 83% (for one, respectively) varied 87% 85% close communities, respectively 3). Still, probability (species richness: χ2 0.25, df 1, p 0.6; relatedness: 0.005, 1.0; 3a,b). turn, (χ2 8.85, ≤ 0.01). effect observed mainly including monoculture 3a). When fitting (which plants), marginally 3.15, 0.08; 3b). 340.9, 3, 0.001 effects; 266.1, effects). 100% April 96% 2016 2016. 2017, started, registered 1003 61% 4). strongly vary (Appendix S2; S2 S4). 2017 57.2 ± 3.3 (±SE) monocultures, 62.3 2.9 three-species 66.1 8.3 nine-species approximately. 28% comparison (66.1 3.7 51.6 4.2 communities). positively 3.13, 5a,c), 0.53, 0.5; 6a), 25.2, 0.001). marginal growth) seen parabolic relationship 5a,c). 7.08, 0.07) time, indicating time. Finally, (by itself) nor 0.28, 0.55, 0.4 differed 5b,d). larger growing 6.4, 0.05). No significant 2.07, 0.5); however, 7.62, 0.01) individually 13.1, Again, respond 0.006, 0.9), 0.5), alone 9.41, 0.05; 6b). S3, S5 S6). strong evaluating 62.7, 0.001; 7a) 21.6, 7b). against 753.1, 7c) 222.2, 7d). above, stronger over survival. presented results long-term small pool study, reveal produce expectations confirmed. For example, despite overall (61%) what 35% survival; Sales survived possibly affects adapted conditions negatively than does scarcity. detected planted, reflected by, traits. Also, H. T. guianensis roseoalba. Incidentally, smallest implemented. Thus, ultimately, outcome. found cumulative harshness filter systems (Maia 2020; Méndez-Toribio continuously Some research applications: First, resulted faster indicates abundant. it possible differential comparing comprising treatments. reached up (whereas trees), exerted dominant played role Second, increases associated particular Hence, experiments allows identification combinations maximize fostering long term. Third, (and richness) level. broad-scale measures evaluation require diversity. One Malaysia (Tuck areas, logging agricultural activities coverage threatened population viability, authors argue so-called enrichment multispecies mixtures inside semi-natural fragments) facilitates regeneration overcoming recruitment limitations. technique endangered insurance effects, contributing fact, various described consequences structure. mechanisms responsible include reduction competitive facilitative also, dilution herbivory (Lambers 2004; Srivastava expected indicate recover flood they Contrarily expectations, short observation period rather absence effects. dynamics, resilience immediate evaluations (Foster Tuck 2016; Wright paramount projects. Moreover, actually opposite pattern found. It seems here reflecting characteristics instead establishment. ability grow fast reach resource patches confer advantage stages (Chesson Collins fast-growing Besides, size) (Charles Gardiner 2019; Jacobs factor caused low rates smaller (minus stem height, minus 30 length), under greenhouse shade availability) insufficient conditions. case poor responses habitat undergoing evergreen commonly margins, preferably air humidity limiting factors. determine starting equally regenerating contributed ‘nurse-based restoration’ (Castillo, 2010; Gómez-Aparicio, (when occurred stream), productivity favourable. accordance showing creating enhance restoring interactions, Nonetheless, unresolved While some showed favour others unimportant (Cahill Pistón stressful (Williams trees imposed system frequently stress), differ sets type survival) suggest arising imbalance abundance (IAC). deviation abundances internal nodes null distribution (Cadotte High IAC family, genus disproportionately accounts belonging families (Anacardiaceae, Bignoniaceae, Fabaceae, Polygonaceae Rhamnaceae). Anacardiaceae dominated species), therefore allow us separate abundant initiatives establishing oriented order disentangle identity Staab potentially, contribution cheap easy approach, simply plotting selecting easily accomplished list names online tool PhyloT v2; https://phylot.biobyte.de/), makes strategy semiarid environments. recommend cost-effective activities. Leoandro Teixeira Guilherme G. research. Leonardo Teixeira, Gislene Ganade Johannes Kollmann financially supported analysed data writing manuscript. revised manuscript agreed submitted version. work made scholarship granted Brazilian Committee Science Development (CAPES-DS). author CNPq his PhD sandwich Technical University Munich (PVE Project 400672/2013-8). thank Felipe Marinho, Adler Santana, Marina Fagundes, Rafael Domingos, Adriana Pelegrini, Edjane Damasceno (Restoration Ecology Lab, UFRN), Daniel Costa Raoni their support suggestions monitoring. José Luiz Attayde, Andreas Brönnimann students course (2015) incredible implementation. Open Access funding enabled organized Projekt DEAL. declare conflict interest. peer review history article available at: https://publons.com/publon/10.1002/2688-8319.12184. archived repository, mediaTUM: https://doi.org/10.14459/2022mp1687209 (Teixeria Please note: publisher content functionality any supporting supplied authors. Any queries (other missing content) directed corresponding article.